Measles

Since the number of leukocytes in the blood reflects the state of the body's defenses, this figure are interested physicians of all specialties. Its definition includes a minimum of research which prescribed to all patients in a hospital or clinic.
In a healthy person the number of leukocytes in the blood is inconstant. After heavy physical work, taking a hot bath, in women during pregnancy, during childbirth and menstruation before they increase. The same occurs after a meal. Therefore, the results of the analysis was objective, it must take on an empty stomach in the morning without breakfast, you can only drink a glass of water.

Normally, the content of leukocytes in 1 liter of blood an adult ranges from 4,0-9,0 x109. In children it is higher: at the age of one month - 9,2-13,8 x109 / l, from 1 to 3 years - 6-17x109 / L, aged 4 to 10 years - 6,1-11,4 x109 / l.
Increased number of white blood cells is called leukocytosis, a decrease - leukopenia. Most often leukocytosis occurs in patients with infections (pneumonia, scarlet fever), purulent diseases (appendicitis, peritonitis, cellulitis), severe burns. Leukocytosis develops within 1-2 h after the onset of intensive bleeding. Gout can also be accompanied by leukocytosis. Under certain leukemia leukocyte count increases by several orders of magnitude.

Although the penetration of microbes in the human body normally stimulates the immune system, resulting in the number of leukocytes in the brand name viagra blood increases, with some infections observed the opposite pattern. If the body's defenses are exhausted and the immune system can not fight, the number of leukocytes decreased. For example, leukopenia with sepsis indicates a serious condition the patient and poor prognosis. Some infections (typhoid, measles, rubella, chicken pox, malaria, brucellosis, influenza, viral hepatitis) suppress the immune system, so they can be accompanied by leukopenia. Reducing the number of white blood cells may also in systemic lupus erythematosus, certain leukemias, and metastatic bone tumors.
The source of leukocytes is the bone marrow. Radiation, certain drugs (phenylbutazone, cytostatics, antiepileptic drugs) damage it. As a result, produced an insufficient number of leukocytes, manifested leukopenia.

White blood cells differ in structure and purpose. Among them distinguish granulocytes (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil), as well as lymphocytes and monocytes. Granulocytes contain granules that are stained with special dyes and visible under a microscope. Granules of neutrophils - gray, eosinophils - orange, basophils - purple.
Nucleus of mature neutrophils have a waist - segments, so they are called segmented. In immature cells revealed elongated rod-core - this neutrophilic stab granulocytes. Even more "young" neutrophilic granulocytes are known as "metamyelocytes (" young ").

Most of the blood of mature segmented neutrophils, less - to stab the young forms are rare. The ratio of the number of mature and immature forms can be judged from the intensity of blood. With the loss of blood to replenish her body begins to produce large numbers of cells. Because they do not have time to mature in the bone marrow, blood, there are many immature forms. Similar processes occur in purulent diseases (appendicitis, peritonitis), sepsis, when the body is trying to develop more cell-defense. In leukemia leukocytes begin to multiply uncontrollably, so the blood also appears a lot of immature forms.
Percentages of certain types of leukocytes in peripheral blood is called leukocyte formula. It is calculated per 100 leukocytes. Wbc allows the physician to visualize what a lot of white blood cells, and some small. Study of leukocyte formula helps in determining the severity of infectious disease, the diagnosis of leukemia. Increased number of immature neutrophils called leukocyte shift to the left of the formula.
Neutrophils

The main purpose of neutrophils - to protect the body against infections. They phagocytize bacteria, that is, "swallow" and "digest" them. In addition, neutrophils can produce specific antimicrobial substances.
Infections, neutrophils accumulate in large quantities in the site of entry of bacteria into the body. Pus - this is nothing like the dead neutrophils.

In normal adult human blood nuclear neutrophils constitute 1-5% of all leukocytes, segmented - 45-65%. Increased number of neutrophils, particularly immature forms, indicates the presence of infection (abscess, appendicitis, pneumonia, pyelonephritis, tonsillitis, meningitis, septicemia). Similar changes are observed in myocardial infarction, burns, lead poisoning, severe blood loss, leukemia.
With some infections (typhoid, malaria, some forms of tuberculosis, hepatitis, influenza, measles, rubella), the number of neutrophils, on the contrary, decreases. Reducing the number of neutrophils may occur in systemic lupus erythematosus, the effects of radiation and toxic chemicals (aniline, benzene, cytostatics), under certain anemias and leukemias.
Eosinophils

Eosinophils remove excess histamine, which appears in allergic diseases. If infection with worms eosinophils penetrate into the lumen of the intestine are destroyed there, as a result of released substances that are toxic to worms.
Normally, the content of eosinophils in the blood is 1-5% of all leukocytes. The number of eosinophils increased in bronchial asthma, allergic dermatitis, drug allergy, infection by parasites (Ascaris, Echinococcus, opisthorchid, giardia), and some leukemias and tumors, nodular periarteritis.
Basophils

Neither allergic reaction does not go without the participation of basophils. They play a role in inflammation.
Normally, the content of basophils in the blood of a minor - to 0,5% of all leukocytes. Increasing the number of basophils is extremely rare - in allergic reactions, some of leukemia, chlamydia, reduce thyroid function in the treatment of estrogen.
Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes - the main body patrols. They check, not whether it penetrated foreign molecules and microbes do not come out whether the cells own body out of control - not mutated if they do not have a multiply uncontrollably and become a tumor.
Key informants lymphocytes - macrophages. They travel through the body, collect samples, they seem suspicious, and deliver them to lymphocytes.
In normal lymphocytes in the blood of an adult is 25-35% of all leukocytes. Children under 6 years of lymphocytes in the blood significantly more than neutrophils, and after 6 years the number of lymphocytes decreased and neutrophils - increases.
Increasing the number of lymphocytes observed in some infections (whooping cough, hepatitis, cytomegalovirus infection, tuberculosis, syphilis), and leukemia. With infectious mononucleosis lymphocytes also increased, but their shape changes, and only superficially, they resemble monocytes. Hence the name of the disease.
Reducing the number of lymphocytes (lymphocytopenia) is characteristic of severe viral diseases, cancers, immunodeficiencies, as well as the appointment of glucocorticoids.
Monocytes

Mononuclear cells - immature cells. Its core functions, they begin to perform, when converted into macrophages - large mobile cells that are found in virtually all organs and tissues. Macrophages - a kind of stretcher-bearers. They "eat" bacteria, dead cells, and can "swallow" the particle is almost equal to them in size. Macrophages, as already mentioned, help the lymphocytes in the Viagra prolong intercourse implementation of immune responses.
In normal monocytes constitute 1-8% of all leukocytes. The number of monocytes increases in some infectious diseases (infectious mononucleosis, malaria, syphilis, brucellosis). In tuberculosis of an increase in the number of monocytes - a sign of disease activity, it is important to the ratio of monocytes to the number of lymphocytes: the norm, it is 0,3-1, and an increase in the activity of tuberculosis - is greater than 1. Increased number of monocytes may in sarcoidosis, leukemia, chlamydia, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and certain vasculitis.
Sometimes the doctor is not satisfied with a blood test and re-appointment. Thus, it evaluates the dynamics of the disease and treatment efficacy. In some cases it is sufficient only to re-determine the total number of leukocytes without calculating the leukocyte formula. In other cases, a doctor interested in more detailed data on the immune system. In this case, it assigns immunogram. On this analysis will be discussed in the next issue.